northern cardinal color mutations

1. cardinal pair without any mutations

2. pied female cardinal (results from partial leucism)

3. pied male cardinal

4. ‘pink’ male cardinal – leucism can either make a bird pied, or overall paler

5. leucistic cardinal

6. male cardinal with xanthrochromia, which results from either an under production of red pigmentation or an overproduction of yellow pigmentation

this is a black-headed caique with a blue color mutation. typically, the back, wings, and tail of this bird would be a bright green, but selective breeding has been used to develop this mutation. despite the questionable ethics of color mutation breeding, mutations are in high demand and can be pricey. this mutation is rare and not typically available to the public.

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